2005 Year In Review

It’s possible that that the biggest story of 2005 actually took place in 2004, on the day after Christmas, ending that year with a bang, and beginning 2005 with the tragic cries of hundreds of thousands.

On Sunday morning Dec. 26, a small group of Christians gathered for worship in a church on the Kanchipuram shore of Southern India. Sometime around 9 a.m. that morning, the church’s organist, a woman named Lydia, looked up from her console to take in a horrifying sight: An enormous tidal wave was barreling down on the congregation.

“People were screaming and scrambling to get away,” she told Kids for the Kingdom, a missionary organization based in Chennai, India. According to Lydia, 40 to 50 people were in her church that morning. A day after the tidal wave hit, she had come to a sorrowful conclusion.

“I am the sole survivor.”

At least 175,000 men, women and children are dead, and thousands more remain unaccounted for even now, a year later.

Thousands of miles away, Christians in the U.S. heard the cries and whimpers, and searched for ways to help, and found them, giving an unprecedented amount of money to Christian and other aid groups. Within hours of the tsunami’s devastating landfall, Samaritan’s Purse was dispatching relief workers to some of the hardest hit areas in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, India and Thailand.

Washington-based World Vision distributed much-needed non-food relief aid, such as tarpaulins, cooking utensils, buckets, sarongs, soaps, masks and mosquito nets to 25,000 people. In Sri Lanka, where nearly 40,000 died, World Vision provided food, water and medicine to thousands of survivors.

These two examples were just the tip of the iceberg, prompting television personality James Robison to call the outpouring of help from Christians “one of the church’s finest hours.”

By the end of this year, however, donor fatigue may have set in. When an estimated 87,000 people were killed and 3 million left homeless by a massive earthquake Oct. 8 in Pakistan, relief at first trickled rather than poured. And by late November, those on the ground were saying that unless relief efforts are stepped up, at least that many more could die from exposure and disease as winter bears down on the mountainous region.

“This disaster may have the number of people who died after the disaster bigger than those killed by the earthquake,” United Nations chief aid coordinator Rashid Khalikov told Reuters News Service.

As of Nov. 8, the U.N. announced it had received $85 million with about $49 million more pledged, but that $40 million was needed immediately to help the aid effort get through November. The U.N.’s “Operation Winter Race” is targeting an estimated 200,000 people who live above the snow line in the Himalayas.

Although the Indian Ocean tsunami death toll was higher, getting help to survivors was not as difficult and relief officials called the world’s response, some $4 billion in pledges within a month after the disaster, historic.

“I’m afraid the enormity here is being missed,” said Dr. Geoff Ibbotson, a Canadian surgeon who was among the first responders for Samaritan’s Purse in both disasters. “This is bigger than the tsunami.”

Christians blanket Gulf
And it happened here, too.

Americans are used to reading about devastation of “biblical proportions” hitting other parts of the world—Indonesia and Pakistan, of course, but also Sudan and other spots troubled by disaster in 2005.

But the worst storm to ever strike American shores brought this country to its knees this year. And people of faith everywhere were hitting their knees to ask for God’s help.

A category 5 hurricane, Katrina, came ashore Aug. 28, with winds of 175 mph, becoming the fourth most intense hurricane on record in the Atlantic Basin. In addition to the initial hit, resulting floodwaters left low-lying areas in Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama devastated. Although New Orleans was first thought to have escaped catastrophic damage, levee breaks near Lake Pontchartrain drowned the city in a mix of sewage, gasoline and garbage, in some areas 20 feet deep.

Despite early estimates that the death toll could reach 10,000, the actual number of deaths was about 1,000—still a staggering number for a developed nation. Millions were temporarily, if not permanently, displaced.

“Now, more than ever, as people just begin to grasp the full impact of the losses they’ve incurred—from loved ones to livelihoods—it is imperative that Christians bring forth a message of prayer-care-share that shows the hope found only in Christ,” said Christian Emergency Network Founder and Chief Executive Officer Mary Marr.

Again, Christian groups did just that, responding for the most part magnificently, helping to turn what Robison called the church’s “finest hour” into one of the longest hours in history.

Huge outpourings of aid came from the Salvation Army, World Vision, Samaritan’s Purse, the Southern Baptist Convention, and other major relief organizations.

But perhaps the most significant help came from smaller, focused, more entrepreneurial efforts. For example, a former pastor and his wife from Aliso Viejo, Calif. wrote $1,000 checks to the first 50 churches that asked for money to help Hurricane Katrina victims. Church officials must promise to give the $1,000 to parishioners, who must then use the money to help people affected by the hurricane, said Leesa Bellesi, wife of former Coast Hills Community Church pastor Denny Bellesi.

Bellesi and her husband decided to contribute $50,000 in home sale proceeds to Katrina relief after listening to radio reports critical of the government’s response to the tragedy.

“We feel like the local church can do more than any government,” she said.

The Inspiration Networks and Convoy of Hope began sending more than two dozen truckloads of ice, water, food and other supplies as the storm hit. Following the disaster response model used in Indonesia after the tsunami, World Relief began equipping churches in affected areas with cleanup resources. The Texas Baptist Men dispatched seven disaster relief teams to provide hot meals, showers and other services. And the Association of Gospel Missions’ Shreveport Rescue Mission reported it was ministering to about 800 refugees from southern Louisiana who drove to Shreveport to escape the storm. Hundreds of churches of all denominations offered shelter to those displaced by rising floodwaters.

“While I have no idea when things will return to a semblance of normalcy, I do know that, as always when disaster strikes, the heart in humanity shines,” said the Family Research Council’s Tony Perkins, who lives in Louisiana. “Private relief organizations, such as the Salvation Army, the Southern Baptist Convention, and Catholic Charities are already on the ground in the hardest-hit areas doing all they can do to bring the type of relief that no government can fully provide.”

Among the myriad of Christian organizations helping victims with immediate needs and helping them face the future are Operation Blessing, United Methodist Relief, Christian World Reform, Church World Service, Nazarene Disaster Services, Mennonite Disaster Services, Brethren Church U.S.A. and Southern Baptist Men.

Long road to recovery
“We are anticipating serving a large number of people for a long time,” said Bill Feist, Emergency Disaster Services Director for The Salvation Army’s Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi Division. “As long as there is a need The Salvation Army will be there to serve.”

The disaster brought to a temporary end talk of a separation of church and state.

Louisiana Gov. Kathleen Blanco asked residents to spend Aug. 31 in prayer.

“That would be the best thing to calm our spirits and thank our Lord that we are survivors,” she said.

That same day two national organizations asked President George W. Bush to declare Sept. 4 as a National Day of Prayer and Fasting for Hurricane Katrina victims.

Faith-based initiatives gain
If these natural disasters are the bad news, the good news is that 2005 may finally have been the year that the church and faith-based organizations actually lived up to their calling.

If Leesa Bellesi was right when she said, “We feel like the local church can do more than any government,” this was the year to prove it—not only by responding to natural disasters, but in other ways, as well. Indeed, 2005 saw significant expansions of Bush’s “Faith Based and Community Initiatives.”

A federal appeals court on March 8 endorsed the use of federal AmeriCorps money to place young teachers in religious schools, reversing a lower court judge who said the program crossed the constitutional line separating church and state. The government is not promoting religion and AmeriCorps creates no incentives for participants to teach religion, Appeals Court Judge A. Raymond Randolph wrote in a 3-0 decision.

Jim Towey, who leads Bush’s Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives, lauded the decision.

“The U.S. Court of Appeals has given President Bush's Faith-Based and Community Initiative a key victory, and it’s an extraordinary victory for the poor children who are served in these programs where AmeriCorps volunteers were sent all over the country, some of which were to schools that were religious schools.”

Also in March, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a job-training bill that would allow faith-based organizations receiving federal funds to consider a job candidate’s religious beliefs during the hiring process.

In a statement supporting the bill, the White House said: “Receipt of federal funds should not be conditioned on a faith-based organization’s giving up a part of its religious identity and mission.”

The legislation provides funds for training and vocational rehabilitation programs for adults, as well as activities for low-income youth. The bill now goes to the Senate where its passage is less certain. The House’s passage of the legislation came on March 3, just a day after the president told a gathering of 250 religious leaders that he will continue to push legislation to allow religious groups to compete for federal money.

The future of marriage
May is typically a big month for weddings. And, after a state court decision in February, May turned out to be an especially big month for nuptials in the state of Massachusetts. That’s because beginning in May—for the first time in American history—a state allowed same-sex marriages.

The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court handed down a 4-3 advisory ruling Feb. 4 saying that homosexuals are “entitled to all the benefits of marriage.” The opinion came three months after the court’s original ruling that same-sex couples should be allowed to marry. That ruling prompted the state Senate to ask the court if civil unions—similar to the ones in Vermont—would satisfy the court.

The February ruling brought the court’s answer: no. The four justices in favor of the ruling called the prohibition of same-sex marriages discriminatory.

“For no rational reason the marriage laws of the Commonwealth discriminate against a defined class; no amount of tinkering with language will eradicate that stain.”

President Bush quickly expressed his disapproval of the Massachusetts ruling, calling it “deeply troubling” in a statement.

“Marriage is a sacred institution between a man and woman,” Bush said. “If activist judges insist on redefining marriage by a court order, the only alternative will be the constitutional process. We must do what is legally necessary to defend the sanctity of marriage.”

If judges were eroding the definition of marriage, Americans themselves were affirming at the ballot box a definition of marriage as between one man and one woman.

Kansas became the 18th state to amend its state constitution to ban same-sex marriage on April 5. More than 70 percent of voters voted for the amendment. Pro-family leaders said the vote was another indication that Americans believe that marriage should be between one man and one woman.

“Kansas has provided yet another example of the fact that every time American voters are given the opportunity to defend marriage at the polls, they do so by wide margins,” said Tom Minnery, vice president of Government and Public Policy for Focus on the Family Action. “Although gay activists often work through their allies in the judiciary to circumvent the will of the people, the true view of the American public could not be more apparent.”

The Kansas Marriage Amendment passed in 104 of the state's 105 counties.

And in Texas, 76 percent of Lone Star voters cast ballots in favor of a state constitutional ban of same-sex marriage on Nov. 8. While conservatives rejoiced in the outcome in Texas, they were quick to point out that what is really needed is an amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

“Americans believe that marriage is the union of a man and a woman. And yet, without federal constitutional protection, marriage continues to hang in the balance,” said Focus on the Family Director of Issue Analysis Carrie Gordon Earll in a statement issued Nov. 9. “We call on Congress to pass the Marriage Protection Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and allow the people to decide how marriage will be defined in our country.”

The judiciary takes center stage
Court decisions about marriage—and the apparent “disconnect” between these decisions and the will of the people expressed in these ballot initiatives—brought the issue of “activist judges” to the front lines of an emerging culture war.

When President George W. Bush was up for re-election in 2004, many conservatives thought that he would have the opportunity to appoint two, perhaps three, justices to the U.S. Supreme Court. This year, that possibility became a reality, and groups on both sides pulled out the heavy artillery for the battle.

Focus on the Family, the Family Research Council, the American Family Association were among the groups joining forces to mobilize conservative Christians to push lawmakers to eliminate filibustering of Bush’s judicial appointees.

On April 24, the leaders of these organizations gathered at a Louisville, Ky., church to broadcast an event aimed at churches around the country. “Justice Sunday” was billed as an effort to stop the filibuster from being used “against people of faith,” the event featured U.S. Sen. Bill Frist of Tennessee, event organizer Tony Perkins of the Family Research Council, James Dobson from Focus on the Family, R. Albert Mohler Jr., president of Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, and Chuck Colson of Prison Fellowship Ministries.

An estimated 5,000 people filled the church for the event, and a simulcast on several Christian radio and television networks also went into 61 million households in 44 states—numbers Perkins, one of the speakers, described as "an amazing response."

This education of Christians about the issues proved to come at almost the perfect time, for just a few weeks later, rumors started circulating that Sandra Day O’Connor would retire, and on July 1 the retirement announcement was made official. It was the first time in 11 years there had been an opening on the Supreme Court.

Within days, John Roberts, a Roman Catholic with a “strict constructionist” reputation, was nominated. His impeccable academic and judicial qualifications, plus a stellar performance during confirmation hearings, made for a relatively easy confirmation. But, during the confirmation process, a remarkable thing happened, Chief Justice William Rehnquist died, and Roberts was quickly re-nominated for the role of Chief Justice.

Bush then had an opportunity to name another successor to O’Connor, and he stumbled badly when he named confidant Harriet Miers, who was criticized by those on both the left and the right, and within weeks, on Oct. 27, Myers withdrew her name from consideration.

Then came Samuel Alito Jr., who, when he graduated from Princeton University in 1972 at age 22, his yearbook predicted would “eventually warm a seat on the Supreme Court.”

Conservatives hope that prediction comes true.

“We are extremely pleased by President Bush’s selection of Judge Samuel Alito, who has earned the respect of colleagues in both parties for his legal acumen and courtroom demeanor,” said Focus on the Family Action founder and chairman James C. Dobson.

But it won’t be easy, and by year-end 2005 the outcome was still in doubt. But if Alito is confirmed to replace the moderate O’Connor, 2005 will be remembered as a year when the Supreme Court took a significant swing to the right, and as a year when the voices of conservative Christians made a huge difference in the process.

The war in Iraq
The culture war was, of course, not the only one going on in 2005. America and more than 60 other nations were involved in a “shooting war” in Iraq, a war that entered its 3rd year and has so far claimed more than 2,000 American lives.

The low point came over the summer, when two dozen U.S. Marines— most of them stationed in a single Ohio town—were killed in Iraq in a roadside bombing, and lawmakers warned that the military is in a tough situation “that’s going to get tougher before it gets easier.”

But a poll released July 27 showed most Americans don’t believe going to war was a mistake.

“I continue to believe strongly in the justness of this mission,” Gary Bauer, chairman of the Campaign for Working Families, said. “Saddam Hussein's Iraq was a hellhole of torture and mass murder. His despotism was a source of tremendous instability in the Middle East; Hussein was a sponsor of homicide bombings against Israeli women and children; and he allowed Iraq to become a safe haven for terrorists.

“Days like today will test our resolve, but we must stay the course. As we dredge these putrid swamps where Islamofascism breeds, we should expect to be bitten. But, our success in Iraq will make us safer here at home.”

And for all the pain and bloodshed in Iraq, there was also good news. A constitution was ratified in a nationwide election, and there were two other nationwide elections in Iraq in 2005. A report released in December said that more than 60 percent of Iraqi households had cell phones, which Bush said was another sign that normalcy was returning to that country.

Troubles in France
Amid the wars, tsunamis, earthquakes, and hurricanes, it may seem a bit odd to highlight a bit of domestic unrest in France as a major story for the year, but close observers say that the weeks of localized rioting that grew into a nationwide insurrection may be a sign of what’s to come in Western Europe.

The rioting began after two teen-agers of north African descent were accidentally electrocuted as they hid in a power substation in Clichy-sous-Bois, apparently believing police were chasing them. The issue escalated after a tear gas bomb exploded in a mosque in the same northern suburb.

The violence spread as urban youths set ablaze shops, businesses, schools and more than 1,000 cars each night and brought the attacks to Paris and eventually across the nation, extending west to Normandy and south to Nice and Cannes.

The government issued a 12-day state of emergency Nov. 8, giving special powers to authorities. Hundreds of arrests were made and residents in some towns banded together to keep overnight watch on public buildings and patrol neighborhoods, armed with fire extinguishers.

According to the Associated Press, the violence forced France to confront anger long-simmering in the neighborhoods, where many Arab and African Muslim immigrants live on society’s margins, struggling with unemployment, poor housing, racial discrimination, crime and a lack of opportunity.

According to reports in the Los Angeles Times, police have also seen indications in recent days that Islamic militants, another force in slums with big Muslim populations, have played a role in inciting vandals. At the same time, other groups of Islamic fundamentalists have been active in trying to restore peace.

France has the largest Muslim population in Western Europe, but rapidly growing Muslim populations—coupled with a decline of the overall population of many European countries—have caused many leaders in the West to worry that this sort of civic unrest is percolating beneath the surface of many “First World” countries.

Worldviews in conflict
At the root of many of these global conflicts is a clash of worldviews, and that clash played itself out in the United States in the debate over “intelligent design.”

In Dover, Penn., the local school board there questioned the sovereignty of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. The debate not only played out in federal court, but it also became the center of board of education elections.

Less than a year after the school board voted to have a simple statement read to biology students telling them that Darwin’s theory is “not a fact” and has inexplicable “gaps” and mentioning the name of a book in which they might find another theory called intelligent design, eight families filed suit against the board.

Since Sept. 26, a judge in Harrisburg has been hearing testimony on intelligent design, the idea that the complexity of the universe points not to random selection, but to creation by a higher force.

But the voters didn’t wait for the judge’s decision.

On Nov. 8 they ousted eight of the nine Dover Area School Board members, all Republicans, in favor of a group of Democrats who have promised to do away with any mention of intelligent design.

Half of those running on the evolution-only platform are actually registered Republicans who have joined the Democratic ticket to align themselves against the current board, according to the Associated Press.

The debate will, however, continue. Earlier in the year, Bush made a statement seeming to support intelligent design. And the new pope, Benedict XVI, weighed in on the evolution debate earlier this month, describing the natural world as an “intelligent project” and denouncing the atheistic idea that “everything is free of direction and order.”

The pope’s Nov. 9 comments came one day after the Kansas Board of Education adopted new standards casting doubt on Darwin’s theory of evolution and during the wait for a judge’s ruling in the Dover case. According to an Associated Press report, the pope quoted the fourth century’s St. Basil the Great as saying that some people “fooled by the atheism that they carry inside of them, imagine a universe free of direction and order, as if at the mercy of chance.”

Schiavo case rivets nation
In a personal telephone conversation on March 11, between Terri Schiavo's father, Bob Schindler, and actor/director Mel Gibson, Gibson encouraged the Schindler family to “never give up and continue to pray.” Shortly after the telephone conversation Gibson sent a fax to the Terri Schindler-Schiavo Foundation saying with he “support(s) the efforts of Mr. and Mrs. Schindler to save their daughter, Terri Schiavo, from a cruel starvation. Terri's husband should sign the care of his wife over to her parents so she can be properly cared for."

It was the latest high-profile development in a case that captivated the attention of the nation for more than a year. Terri Schiavo, 41, had been at the center of a long and bitter court battle between her husband, Michael Schiavo, and her parents, Bob and Mary Schindler, who did not want their daughter's feeding tube removed.

Court-appointed doctors said Terry Schiavo was in a persistent vegetative state. She did not leave any written instructions, but Michael Schiavo contended that she told him that she would not want to be kept alive artificially. The Schindlers disputed that, and denied their daughter was in a vegetative state.

John Wessells, author of “Conversations With The Voiceless,” said that he worked with many people in situations similar to Schiavo’s. “It's especially helpful with the Terri Schiavo case for people to get more of an understanding of what these people go through—that there are people inside these bodies,” Wessells said.

Despite the sentiment, Terri Schiavo’s legal options eventually ran out. A federal judge on March 22 refused to order the reinsertion of Terri Schiavo's feeding tube, denying an emergency request from the brain-damaged woman's parents. The parents' lawyer quickly filed a notice with the federal appeals court, but that court also refused to reinsert the feeding tube.

The last days of Terri Schiavo’s life were filled with drama and irony. At the insistence of her parents, and over the objections of Michael Schiavo, Terri Schiavo was given last rites and communion—a drop of wine, but no bread—on Easter Sunday. Pro-life protesters held a vigil outside her hospice, but even on Easter, a day of great hope for Christians, hopes that her feeding tube would be reinserted diminished.

In an ideological war played out on a national stage, it was eerily appropriate that the final battle in her family’s struggle to keep her alive came on the night of March 30 before the highest court in the land. But the U.S. Supreme Court refused to intervene in the case.

The next morning, just hours after that decision, Schiavo died of organ failure brought about by dehydration and malnutrition, at age 41.

The fight for life
The Schiavo case was, however, just the best publicized of many fights over the right to life in 2005, a fight that technology is making increasingly nuanced.

An increasing number of states are moving to protect pharmacists and other health care workers from being forced to violate their consciences while discharging their professional duties.

Legislation to grant conscience protections moved forward in at least 11 states in 2005. At least 15 pharmacists in the past year have wound up in court for refusing to dispense pharmaceuticals that contradict their moral convictions. Some are Protestants who refuse to dispense “emergency contraception” and RU-486; others are Catholics who object to birth control.

Steve Aden, chief litigation counsel for the Christian Legal Society, which is defending or working with a half dozen pharmacists, said the key issue is “whether humans have a conscience.”

Some would look at the Dutch practice of euthanizing children and conclude that some humans do not. David Stevens, M.D., executive director of the 17,000-member Christian Medical Association, condemned the Dutch practice in response to an article in the New England Journal of Medicine documenting the practice.

"The tragic irony is that Dutch doctors once risked their lives to oppose the Nazi euthanasia program,” Stevens said. “Dutch euthanasia doctors today indignantly contrast their motives with the Nazis', yet there is little difference in the final result between the involuntary euthanasia of Dutch infants and non-consenting adults and the Nazi euthanasia program, he said.

In a statement released March 10, Stevens claimed that Dutch doctors “kill 1,000 patients a year without their consent.” The article, "Infant Euthanasia in the Netherlands" by Eduard Verhagen and Pieter Sauer, also appeared in the March 10 issue of the well-known medical journal.

But it was not all bad news in the fight for life in 2005. Virtually every organization that tracks the number of abortions—whether pro-life or pro-choice—is reporting declines in the number of abortions being performed annually.

And on Nov. 30, the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments in two major abortion cases—the first to be heard in five years, and the first since Chief Justice John Roberts joined the court.

Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England involves a New Hampshire law which makes minor girls wait 48 hours to obtain an abortion, and then only after notice is given to at least one parent. The law was challenged by Planned Parenthood because it does not include the so-called "health exception," which is generally interpreted broadly to include such things as depression, a tactic which effectively guts laws designed to restrict abortion.

In the other case, NOW v. Scheidler, justices heard for a third time why federal racketeering laws should not have been applied to the Pro-Life Action League of Chicago, headed by veteran pro-lifer Joe Scheidler. Cathy Cleaver Ruse, senior fellow for legal studies at the Family Research Council, said the arguments went well for Scheidler's side.

"The court spent a lot of time trying to determine whether this racketeering law ... would require that money or property be extorted. It is, after all, an extortion law," she said. "(The National Organization for Women) is claiming that any violent act that may affect interstate commerce violates this racketeering law. But the court didn't seem to think that was very reasonable.”

The outcome of these cases could make a significant difference to the pro-life movement—and validate Christian activism on the political process.

The more things change …
When all is said and done, it will be many years before we will know if the dramatic events of Katrina, the tsunami, and the war in Iraq permanently changed the historical landscape, or if they just end up being marks on the historical timeline.

There is some evidence to suggest that the monumental events of the year are forks in the road, moments of decision and direction change for our culture. But then comes a survey suggesting otherwise: An annual survey from the Barna Group finds little change in faith-related beliefs, behaviors, and perspectives among Americans over the past 15 years.

"The State of the Church: 2005" survey examined nearly four dozen religious measures including church attendance, the percentage of unchurched people, prayer, financial habits, and core beliefs. Among the findings, said the report, was a small increase in Bible reading. According to Barna, the percentage of evangelical Christians in America remains at just 7 percent of the population. That number has not changed since the Barna Group began measuring the size of the evangelical public more than a decade ago. The survey noted decreases in church attendance and Sunday school involvement.

2005 began with both a bang and a whimper: the bang of war and a devastating tsunami, and the whimper of the hundreds of thousands who have been victimized by them.

But it is possible to remain optimistic. The year ended with a report released by the Hudson Institute that reported the United States gives more aid to developing countries than any other nation. The U.S. gave 15 times more than its European neighbors. Church collections, philanthropists and company giving amounted to $22 billion. That is compared to a European Union average of $1.6 billion in private-sector giving.

The study also noted that 12 percent of the immigrant population sends more than $40 billion in aid to their home countries. President Bush has pledged to take African aid from $1.2 billion to $8.7 billion by 2010.

And, despite the headline-grabbing news, a constant thread of 2005 found bureaucrats and politicians arguing about the past, and who’s to blame for things that happened. And culture warriors, in particular, argued about whether America has a Christian past.

But it’s possible that whether America has a Christian past may not be nearly so relevant as whether the events and actions of 2005 auger something even more significant—whether America, and the world, has a Christian future.

EP News
Published by Keener Communications Group, January 2006

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